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NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following is the MOST important consideration for determining the operational life of an encryption key?
- A. Number of entities involved in communication
- B. Number of digitally signed documents in force
- C. Length of key and complexity of algorithm
- D. Volume and sensitivity of data protected
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The most important consideration for determining the operational life of an encryption key is the volume and sensitivity of data protected by the key. The operational life of an encryption key is the period of time during which the key can be used securely and effectively to encrypt and decrypt data. The operational life of an encryption key depends on various factors, such as the length and complexity of the key, the strength and speed of the encryption algorithm, the number and frequency of encryption operations, the number of entities involved in communication, and the number of digitally signed documents in force. However, among these factors, the volume and sensitivity of data protected by the key is the most critical, as it affects the risk and impact of a potential compromise or exposure of the key. The higher the volume and sensitivity of data protected by the key, the shorter the operational life of the key should be, as this reduces the window of opportunity for an attacker to access or misuse the data.
References: CDPSE Review Manual, 2021, p. 117
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following technologies BEST facilitates protection of personal data?
- A. Data discovery and mapping tools
- B. Data log file monitoring tools
- C. Data profiling tools
- D. Data loss prevention (DLP) tools
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Data loss prevention (DLP) tools are technologies that help to prevent unauthorized access, use, or transfer of personal data. DLP tools can monitor, detect, and block data leakage or exfiltration from various sources, such as endpoints, networks, cloud services, or email. DLP tools can also enforce data protection policies and compliance requirements, such as encryption, masking, or deletion of sensitive data. DLP tools can help to protect personal data from both internal and external threats, such as malicious insiders, hackers, or accidental exposure.
References:
* Data protection solutions rely on technologies such as data loss prevention (DLP), storage with built-in data protection, firewalls, encryption, and endpoint protection, Cloudian
* Top 10 Hot Data Security And Privacy Technologies, Forbes
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following BEST enables an organization to ensure consumer credit card numbers are accurately captured?
- A. Access controls
- B. Reconciliation controls
- C. Input reference controls
- D. Input validation controls
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Input validation controls are the best way to ensure consumer credit card numbers are accurately captured.
Input validation controls are methods that check the format, type, range, and length of the input data before accepting, processing, or storing it. Input validation controls can help prevent errors, fraud, or data loss by rejecting invalid, incomplete, or malicious input. For example, input validation controls can verify that a credit card number follows the Luhn algorithm1, has the correct number of digits2, and matches the card issuer's prefix3. Input validation controls can also prevent SQL injection attacks4 or cross-site scripting attacks5 that may compromise the security and privacy of the data.
Input reference controls, access controls, and reconciliation controls are also important for data quality and security, but they do not directly ensure the accuracy of consumer credit card numbers. Input reference controls are methods that compare the input data with a predefined list of values or a reference table to ensure consistency and validity. For example, input reference controls can check if a country name or a postal code is valid by looking up a database of valid values. Access controls are methods that restrict who can access, modify, or delete the data based on their roles, permissions, or credentials. For example, access controls can prevent unauthorized users from accessing or tampering with consumer credit card numbers. Reconciliation controls are methods that compare the data from different sources or systems to ensure completeness and accuracy. For example, reconciliation controls can check if the transactions recorded in the accounting system match the transactions processed by the payment gateway.
References: Luhn algorithm, Credit card number, Bank card number, SQL injection, Cross-site scripting
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following is the best reason for a health organization to use desktop virtualization to implement stronger access control to systems containing patient records?
- A. Monitored network activities for unauthorized use
- B. Unlimited functionalities and highly secured applications
- C. Limited functions and capabilities of a secured operating environment
- D. Improved data integrity and reduced effort for privacy audits
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The best reason for a health organization to use desktop virtualization to implement stronger access control to systems containing patient records is that it can improve data integrity and reduce effort for privacy audits.
Desktop virtualization is a technology that allows users to access a virtual desktop environment that is hosted on a remote server, rather than on their local device. Desktop virtualization can enhance data privacy by providing stronger access control to systems containing patient records, such as requiring authentication, authorization, encryption, logging, etc. Desktop virtualization can also improve data integrity by ensuring that patient records are stored and processed in a centralized and secure location, rather than on multiple devices that may be vulnerable to loss, theft, damage, or corruption. Desktop virtualization can also reduce effort for privacy audits by simplifying the management and monitoring of data privacy compliance across different devices and locations. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 153
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which of the following should FIRST be established before a privacy office starts to develop a data protection and privacy awareness campaign?
- A. Detailed documentation of data privacy processes
- B. Contract requirements for independent oversight
- C. Strategic goals of the organization
- D. Business objectives of senior leaders
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 33
It is MOST important to consider privacy by design principles during which phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC)?
- A. Requirements definition
- B. Application design
- C. Implementation
- D. Testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Requirements definition is a phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC) that involves gathering, analyzing and documenting the functional and non-functional requirements of the software system or application, such as features, performance, security and usability. It is most important to consider privacy by design principles during this phase, as it would help to ensure that privacy is embedded and integrated into the software system or application from the outset, rather than as an afterthought or an add-on. Considering privacy by design principles during requirements definition would also help to avoid costly rework or delays later in the SDLC, as well as to enhance customer trust and satisfaction, and comply with privacy laws and regulations. The other options are not as important as requirements definition in considering privacy by design principles. Application design is a phase of the SDLC that involves creating and specifying the architecture, components, interfaces and data models of the software system or application, based on the requirements defined in the previous phase. Implementation is a phase of the SDLC that involves coding, testing and debugging the software system or application, based on the design specifications created in the previous phase. Testing is a phase of the SDLC that involves verifying and validating that the software system or application meets the requirements and expectations of the users and stakeholders, as well as identifying and fixing any defects or errors1, p. 88-89 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
NEW QUESTION # 34
When configuring information systems for the communication and transport of personal data, an organization should:
- A. review configuration settings for compliance.
- B. implement the least restrictive mode.
- C. enable essential capabilities only.
- D. adopt the default vendor specifications.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following techniques mitigates design flaws in the application development process that may contribute to potential leakage of personal data?
- A. User acceptance testing (UAT)
- B. Web application firewall (WAF)
- C. Patch management
- D. Software hardening
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 36
Before executive leadership approves a new data privacy policy, it is MOST important to ensure:
- A. a privacy committee is established.
- B. a training program is developed.
- C. a distribution methodology is identified.
- D. a legal review is conducted.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A legal review is the most important thing to ensure before executive leadership approves a new data privacy policy, as it would help to verify and validate the accuracy, completeness and compliance of the policy with the applicable laws and regulations that govern the collection, use, disclosure and transfer of personal data. A legal review would also help to identify and address any gaps, inconsistencies or conflicts in the policy, and to provide legal advice or guidance on the implementation and enforcement of the policy. The other options are not as important as a legal review in ensuring before executive leadership approves a new data privacy policy.
A training program is a method of educating and informing the employees and stakeholders about the new data privacy policy, its objectives, requirements and implications, but it does not ensure the quality or compliance of the policy itself. A privacy committee is a group of individuals who are responsible for overseeing, monitoring and evaluating the organization's data privacy program, policies and practices, but it does not ensure the quality or compliance of the policy itself. A distribution methodology is a method of disseminating and communicating the new data privacy policy to the employees and stakeholders, such as email, intranet, website or newsletter, but it does not ensure the quality or compliance of the policy itself1, p. 98 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the following is the MOST important consideration when writing an organization's privacy policy?
- A. Aligning statements to organizational practices
- B. Including a development plan for personal data handling
- C. Using a standardized business taxonomy
- D. Ensuring acknowledgment by the organization's employees
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The most important consideration when writing an organization's privacy policy is to align the statements to the organizational practices, because this will help ensure that the policy is accurate, consistent, and transparent. A privacy policy is a document that explains how the organization collects, uses, discloses, and protects personal data from its customers, employees, partners, and other stakeholders. A privacy policy should reflect the actual data processing activities and privacy measures of the organization, as well as comply with the applicable laws and regulations. A privacy policy that is not aligned with the organizational practices may lead to confusion, mistrust, or legal liability12.
References:
* CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 1 - Privacy Governance, Section 1.2 - Privacy Policy3.
* CDPSE Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 1 - Privacy Governance, Section 1.2 - Data Privacy Laws and Regulations4.
NEW QUESTION # 38
A data processor that handles personal data tor multiple customers has decided to migrate its data warehouse to a third-party provider. What is the processor obligated to do prior to implementation?
- A. Implement comparable industry-standard data encryption in the new data warehouse
- B. Ensure data retention periods are documented
- C. Seek approval from all in-scope data controllers.
- D. Obtain assurance that data subject requests will continue to be handled appropriately
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A data processor that handles personal data for multiple customers has decided to migrate its data warehouse to a third-party provider. The processor is obligated to seek approval from all in-scope data controllers prior to implementation. A data controller is an entity that determines the purposes and means of processing personal data. A data processor is an entity that processes personal data on behalf of a data controller. A third-party provider is an entity that provides services or resources to another entity, such as a cloud service provider or a hosting provider.
According to various privacy laws and regulations, such as the GDPR or the CCPA, a data processor must obtain explicit consent from the data controller before engaging another processor or transferring personal data to a third country or an international organization. The consent must specify the identity of the other processor or the third country or international organization, as well as the safeguards and guarantees for the protection of personal data. The consent must also be documented in a written contract or other legal act that binds the processor to respect the same obligations as the controller.
Seeking approval from all in-scope data controllers can help ensure that the processor complies with its contractual and legal obligations, respects the rights and preferences of the data subjects, and maintains transparency and accountability for its processing activities.
Obtaining assurance that data subject requests will continue to be handled appropriately, implementing comparable industry-standard data encryption in the new data warehouse, or ensuring data retention periods are documented are also good practices for a data processor that migrates its data warehouse to a third-party provider, but they are not obligations prior to implementation. Rather, they are requirements or recommendations during or after implementation.
Obtaining assurance that data subject requests will continue to be handled appropriately is a requirement for a data processor that processes personal data on behalf of a data controller. Data subject requests are requests made by individuals to exercise their rights regarding their personal data, such as access, rectification, erasure, restriction, portability, or objection. A data processor must assist the data controller in fulfilling these requests within a reasonable time frame and without undue delay.
Implementing comparable industry-standard data encryption in the new data warehouse is a recommendation for a data processor that transfers personal data to another system or location. Data encryption is a process of transforming data into an unreadable form using a secret key or algorithm. Data encryption can help protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of personal data by preventing unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification.
Ensuring data retention periods are documented is a requirement for a data processor that stores personal data on behalf of a data controller. Data retention periods are the durations for which personal data are kept before they are deleted or anonymized. Data retention periods must be determined by the purpose and necessity of processing personal data and must comply with legal and regulatory obligations.
References: Data warehouse migration tips: preparation and discovery - Google Cloud, Plan a data warehouse migration - Cloud Adoption Framework, Migrating your traditional data warehouse platform to BigQuery ...
NEW QUESTION # 39
What is the BEST method to protect customers' personal data that is forwarded to a central system for analysis?
- A. Pseudonymization
- B. Deletion
- C. Anonymization
- D. Encryption
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which of the following is a responsibility of the audit function in helping an organization address privacy compliance requirements?
- A. Managing privacy notices provided to customers
- B. Validating the privacy framework
- C. Approving privacy impact assessments (PIAs)
- D. Establishing employee privacy rights and consent
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 41
Which of the following should be done FIRST when performing a data quality assessment?
- A. Assess completeness of the data inventory.
- B. Define data quality rules.
- C. Establish business thresholds-
- D. Identify the data owner.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The first step when performing a data quality assessment is to assess the completeness of the data inventory, which is a comprehensive list of all data assets within the organization. This will help identify the scope, sources, owners, and characteristics of the data to be assessed. The other options are possible actions that may be taken after the data inventory is complete, depending on the objectives and criteria of the assessment.
References:
* CDPSE Exam Content Outline, Domain 3 - Data Lifecycle (Data Quality), Task 1: Perform a data quality assessment1.
* CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 3 - Data Lifecycle, Section 3.2 - Data Quality2.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which of the following should be considered personal information?
- A. University affiliation
- B. Age
- C. Company address
- D. Biometric records
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 43
Which of the following assurance approaches is MOST effective in identifying vulnerabilities within an application programming interface (API) transferring personal data?
- A. Source code review
- B. Security audit
- C. Bug bounty program
- D. Tabletop simulation
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A bug bounty program is an assurance approach that involves offering rewards to external security researchers who find and report vulnerabilities in an API or other software. A bug bounty program can be more effective than other assurance approaches in identifying API vulnerabilities because it leverages the skills, creativity, and diversity of a large pool of ethical hackers who can test the API from different perspectives and scenarios.
A bug bounty program can also incentivize continuous testing and reporting of vulnerabilities, which can help improve the security posture of the API over time.
References:
* 10 top API security testing tools, CSO Online
* Bug Bounty Programs: What You Need to Know, ISACA Journal
NEW QUESTION # 44
Which of the following is the GREATEST obstacle to conducting a privacy impact assessment (PIA)?
- A. The organization lacks knowledge of PIA methodology.
- B. Conducting a PIA requires significant funding and resources.
- C. The value proposition of a PIA is not understood by management.
- D. PIAs need to be performed many times in a year.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The value proposition of a PIA is not understood by management is the greatest obstacle to conducting a PIA, as it may result in lack of support, funding, resources or commitment for the PIA process and outcomes.
Management may not appreciate or recognize the benefits of a PIA, such as enhancing privacy protection, reducing privacy risks and costs, increasing customer trust and satisfaction, and complying with privacy laws and regulations. Management may also perceive a PIA as a burden, a delay or a hindrance to the system or project development and delivery. The other options are not as significant as the value proposition of a PIA is not understood by management as obstacles to conducting a PIA. Conducting a PIA requires significant funding and resources is an obstacle to conducting a PIA, but it may be overcome by demonstrating the return on investment or the cost-benefit analysis of a PIA. PIAs need to be performed many times in a year is an obstacle to conducting a PIA, but it may be mitigated by adopting a scalable or modular approach to PIAs that can be tailored to different types or levels of systems or projects. The organization lacks knowledge of PIA methodology is an obstacle to conducting a PIA, but it may be resolved by acquiring or developing the necessary skills, tools or guidance for performing PIAs1, p. 67-68 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which authentication practice is being used when an organization requires a photo on a government-issued identification card to validate an in-person credit card purchase?
- A. Multi-factor authentication
- B. Possession factor authentication
- C. Knowledge-based credential authentication
- D. Biometric authentication
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Authentication is a process of verifying the identity of a user or device that requests access to a system or resource. Authentication can be based on one or more factors, such as something the user knows (e.g., password), something the user has (e.g., token), something the user is (e.g., fingerprint) or something the user does (e.g., signature). When an organization requires a photo on a government-issued identification card to validate an in-person credit card purchase, it is using possession factor authentication, which relies on something the user has as proof of identity. The other options are not applicable in this scenario1, p. 81 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
NEW QUESTION # 46
Which of the following is MOST important to include in a data use policy?
- A. The length of time personal data will be retained
- B. The reason for collecting and using personal data
- C. The requirements for collecting and using personal data
- D. The method used to delete or destroy personal data
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A data use policy is a document that defines the rules and guidelines for how personal data are collected, used, stored, shared and deleted by an organization. It is an important part of data governance and compliance, as it helps to ensure that personal data are handled in a lawful, fair and transparent manner, respecting the rights and preferences of data subjects. A data use policy should include the requirements for collecting and using personal data, such as the legal basis, the purpose, the scope, the consent, the data minimization, the accuracy, the security and the accountability. These requirements help to establish the legitimacy and necessity of data processing activities, and to prevent unauthorized or excessive use of personal data.
References:
ISACA Privacy Notice & Usage Disclosures, section 2.1: "We collect Personal Information from you when you provide it to us directly or through a third party who has assured us that they have obtained your consent." Chapter Privacy Policy - Singapore Chapter - ISACA, section 2: "We will collect your personal data in accordance with the PDPA either directly from you or your authorized representatives, and/or through our third party service providers." Data Minimization-A Practical Approach - ISACA, section 2: "Enterprises may only collect as much data as are necessary for the purposes defined at the time of collection, which may also be set out in a privacy notice (sometimes referred to as a privacy statement, a fair processing statement or a privacy policy)." Establishing Enterprise Roles for Data Protection - ISACA, section 3: "Data governance is typically implemented in organizations through policies, guidelines, tools and access controls."
NEW QUESTION # 47
An organization must de-identify its data before it is transferred to a third party Which of the following should be done FIRST?
- A. Encrypt the data at rest and in motion
- B. Remove the identifiers during the data transfer
- C. Determine the categories of personal data collected
- D. Ensure logging is turned on for the database
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Before de-identifying data, it is important to determine the categories of personal data collected, such as names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, social security numbers, health information, and so on.
This will help to identify which data elements are considered identifiers or quasi-identifiers, and which de-identification techniques are appropriate for each category. For example, some data elements may need to be removed completely, while others may be masked, generalized, or perturbed.
References:
* Anonymize and De-identify | Research Data Management
* Data De-identification: An Overview of Basic Terms - ed
NEW QUESTION # 48
An IT privacy practitioner wants to test an application in pre-production that will be processing sensitive personal data. Which of the following testing methods is BEST used to identity and review the application's runtime modules?
- A. Static application security testing (SAST)
- B. Regression testing
- C. Dynamic application security testing (DAST)
- D. Software composition analysis
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The best testing method to identify and review the application's runtime modules is dynamic application security testing (DAST). DAST is a testing technique that analyzes the application's behavior and functionality during its execution. DAST can detect security and privacy vulnerabilities that are not visible in the source code, such as injection attacks, cross-site scripting, broken authentication, sensitive data exposure, or improper error handling. DAST can also simulate real-world attacks and test the application's response and resilience. DAST can provide a comprehensive and realistic assessment of the application's security and privacy posture in the pre-production environment. References:
* [ISACA Glossary of Terms]
* [OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks]
* [ISACA CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 2, Section 2.4.2]
* [ISACA Journal, Volume 6, 2018, "Dynamic Application Security Testing"]
NEW QUESTION # 49
Which of the following is MOST important to review before using an application programming interface (API) to help mitigate related privacy risk?
- A. Data collection
- B. Data classification
- C. Data taxonomy
- D. Data flows
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Data flows are the most important to review before using an application programming interface (API) to help mitigate related privacy risk. Data flows are the paths or routes that data take from their sources to their destinations through various processes, transformations, or exchanges. Data flows can help understand how data are collected, used, shared, stored, or deleted by an API and its related applications. Data flows can also help identify the potential privacy risks or impacts that may arise from data processing activities involving an API and its related applications. Data flows can be represented by diagrams, maps, models, or documents that show the sources, destinations, types, formats, volumes, frequencies, purposes, or legal bases of data.
Data taxonomy, data classification, and data collection are also important for privacy risk mitigation when using an API, but they are not the most important. Data taxonomy is a system of organizing and categorizing data into groups, classes, or hierarchies based on their characteristics, attributes, or relationships. Data taxonomy can help understand the structure, meaning, context, or value of data. Data classification is a process of assigning labels or tags to data based on their sensitivity, confidentiality, criticality, or risk level. Data classification can help determine the appropriate level of protection or handling for data. Data collection is a process of gathering or obtaining data from various sources for a specific purpose or objective. Data collection can help obtain the necessary information or evidence for decision making or problem solving.
References: Critical API security risks: 10 best practices | TechBeacon, Open APIs and Security Risks | Govenda Board Portal Software, The top API security risks and how to mitigate them - Appinventiv
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure an organization's enterprise risk management (ERM) framework can protect the organization from privacy harms?
- A. Conduct an internal privacy audit.
- B. Complete a privacy risk assessment.
- C. Establish a privacy incident response plan.
- D. Include privacy risks as a risk category.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The best way to ensure an organization's enterprise risk management (ERM) framework can protect the organization from privacy harms is to complete a privacy risk assessment. A privacy risk assessment is a systematic process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and treating the privacy risks that may affect the organization's objectives, operations, stakeholders, and reputation. A privacy risk assessment helps to align the ERM framework with the privacy requirements, expectations, and obligations of the organization, as well as to prioritize and mitigate the privacy risks that may cause privacy harms. Privacy harms are the adverse consequences or impacts that may result from the unauthorized or inappropriate use, disclosure, or loss of personal data, such as financial loss, identity theft, discrimination, reputational damage, emotional distress, or physical harm.
References: CDPSE Review Manual, 2021, p. 84
NEW QUESTION # 51
Which of the following is the GREATEST privacy risk associated with the use of application programming interfaces (APIs)?
- A. APIs are complex to build and test
- B. API keys could be stored insecurely.
- C. APIS could create an unstable environment
- D. APIs are costly to assess and monitor.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
API keys are codes that are used to identify and authenticate an application or user when accessing an API.
API keys could be stored insecurely, such as in plain text, in public repositories, or in unencrypted files. This could expose the API keys to unauthorized access, theft, or misuse by malicious actors, who could then access the API and the data it contains. This could result in data breaches, privacy violations, fraud, or other damages.
References:
* ISACA Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer Study Guide, Domain 3: Privacy Engineering, Task
3.4: Implement privacy engineering techniques to protect data in applications and systems, p. 106-107.
* What Is an API Key? | API Key Definition | Fortinet
NEW QUESTION # 52
Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure privacy considerations are included when working with vendors?
- A. Including privacy requirements in vendor c tracts
- B. Monitoring privacy-related service level agreements (SLAS)
- C. Requiring vendors to complete privacy awareness training
- D. Including privacy requirements in the request for proposal (RFP) process
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Including privacy requirements in vendor contracts is the best way to ensure privacy considerations are included when working with vendors because it establishes the obligations, expectations and responsibilities of both parties regarding the protection of personal data. It also provides a legal basis for enforcing compliance and resolving disputes. Including privacy requirements in the request for proposal (RFP) process, monitoring privacy-related service level agreements (SLAs) and requiring vendors to complete privacy awareness training are helpful measures, but they do not guarantee that vendors will adhere to the privacy requirements or that they will be held accountable for any violations.
References:
* CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), Domain 1: Privacy Governance, Task 1.7: Participate in the management and evaluation of contracts, service levels and practices of vendors and other external parties1
* CDPSE Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 2: Privacy Governance, Section: Vendor Management2
NEW QUESTION # 53
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